Accurately identifying pests is essential before selecting control methods. Biological, cultural, mechanical, and chemical controls kill or block pests by altering environmental factors. Contact Kansas City Pest Control now!
Natural enemies (parasites, predators, pathogens) and natural barriers (environmental conditions, natural barriers, pheromones, juvenile hormones) can reduce pest populations without harming non-target organisms. Eradication is rarely the goal in outdoor pest situations; prevention and suppression are.
Pests can cause severe economic and health problems if they are not controlled. The best way to reduce damage caused by pests is to recognize and identify them early. This can save homeowners from costly repairs and health issues. Many pests have characteristic visual markers, including droppings, nesting sites, or the presence of the pest itself. For example, rodents leave pellet-shaped droppings, while termites and cockroaches produce small, dark-colored droppings that look like coffee grounds. The presence of a distinct, unpleasant odor can also indicate the presence of pests. Certain ants release pheromones that contribute to strong smells, and bed bugs emit a musky aroma.
In addition to providing a basic understanding of the pest, pest identification helps determine if control is necessary and what management options are available. For example, some insecticides are designed to target specific life cycle stages or locations for optimal effectiveness. Incorrect pest identification can result in the selection of an ineffective pesticide.
Proper scouting and monitoring also aid in accurate pest identification. The more information that is known about a pest, the easier it will be to develop an integrated pest management plan.
Identifying a pest correctly will also help to ensure that the right management tactics are used at the correct time and place. This will prevent unnecessary and potentially harmful pesticide use.
For instance, when an insect is monitored and scouted throughout the growing season, it may become clear that its growth and reproduction are being limited by something other than pesticide resistance. This could be an indication that the pest has reached a critical stage in its development and requires a different type of intervention, such as increased fertilizer applications or mechanical controls.
Scouting and monitoring can be done at any point in a field, landscape, or home and may be done daily or weekly depending on the type of pest. A good resource for checking the status of crop pests is the MSU Extension News for Field Crops. The news digest is a valuable tool for gaining insight into the status of insect pest populations in Michigan and across the country.
Suppression
If pests are causing harm, the goal of suppression is to reduce them to an acceptable level. This may involve stopping the pests from entering a treated area, such as blocking them with barriers or spraying them with repellents. Or, it may involve reducing the pest population to the point where natural enemies can catch up and keep them in check, such as introducing parasitoids or predators to an environment where they are lacking.
Monitoring means scouting and checking to see which pests are present, in how many numbers and what damage they’re doing. This information helps you decide whether or not to take action. It also highlights the pests’ vulnerabilities so you can select the most effective control methods and implement them at the right time.
Suppression involves controlling pests through physical, biological or chemical methods. This can include removing or blocking the pests’ access to food, water and shelter. For example, this might mean using trap crops like zinnia to attract and concentrate Japanese beetles before they can eat your garden. This method is often less invasive than killing them with chemicals.
Biological controls (predation, herbivory, pathogens) are often more effective at suppressing pests than pesticides because they don’t have the same side effects as pesticides. However, research has found that the impact of natural enemies on a pest depends on both their species composition and the identity of the host plant (e.g., leaf versus ground foraging or small versus large species).
Physical controls use machines and devices that physically block or alter a pest’s environment to prevent them from entering a treatment site. For example, nets, barriers, traps, fences, radiation and electricity all can be used to stop or slow the movement of some pests.
Chemical controls use a variety of synthetic substances to kill or repel pests, such as pesticides, herbicides and fungicides. These can be used to target specific pests, such as rodents or mosquitoes, or they can be applied in broader ways, such as treating a field with insecticide to protect all crops. This method of control can be expensive and sometimes dangerous, but it’s often needed when natural methods of pest control aren’t enough.
Prevention
Preventing pests before they cause a problem is the most economical and environmentally sound way to manage pests. Prevention requires a combination of tactics.
A key part of prevention is monitoring the presence and/or activity of pests to determine if they are reaching unacceptable levels. This usually involves observing the pests directly or by using survey methods, such as trapping or scouting. It may also include gathering information about the pest, such as its biology and life cycle, and/or damage it causes.
Monitoring pests can be done at any time of the year, but it is most useful before a pest problem develops. Monitoring can help you decide whether to treat a pest problem and, if treatment is needed, what control measures are most effective and appropriate. Monitoring often includes identifying the pest by sight, smell or touch and can be as simple as checking a trap, checking your establishment’s garbage receptacles regularly or scouting for insect, vertebrate, mollusk or weed pests. It can also involve assessing environmental conditions, such as temperature, moisture and soil nutrients, to anticipate when a pest population might build up to reach a threshold level that requires action.
Prevention also includes creating barriers to pest entry into buildings. This can be as simple as sealing the small cracks and gaps that pests like ants and cockroaches use to enter homes, or as complex as making sure all windows and vents have screens and are in good repair. It can also include storing food in airtight containers, wiping down surfaces to remove sticky residues that attract pests and keeping pet food in secure containers. Barriers can be physical or chemical. Chemical barriers can include spraying the outside of a building with pesticides or putting out baits.
Biological barriers can be created by introducing natural enemies into the environment or by enhancing the natural enemy effect. Biological controls, such as releasing parasites or predators or using pathogens, can also be used to reduce pest populations. This can be supplemented by altering the environment to make it less hospitable to the pest, such as by reducing its available food, water or shelter.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Integrated Pest Management is the process of managing pests through a combination of techniques, rather than one single method. It includes prevention, monitoring, inspection, accurate identification and treatment. IPM also encourages the use of beneficial insects and other organisms that can help control harmful ones. It also keeps records of pest populations and actions taken, so that procedures can be refined over time.
The goal of IPM is to reduce or eliminate the need for pesticides in crop production, landscape settings and public facilities. It is a response to the steady increase of pesticide use, which resulted in frequent crises (outbreaks of secondary pests and resistance development) as well as the knowledge that many chemicals harm human health, nontarget plants and the environment.
IPM programs aim to prevent pests from developing through a series of preventive measures, which include selecting crops that are adapted to local conditions, properly planting and maintaining them, keeping tools clean, rotating crops, and weeding. Prevention is often more effective than controlling a pest once it appears, as it denies the bug the food, shelter or other elements it needs to survive and reproduce. For example, mulching around a garden or planting beds deprives weed seeds of sunlight needed for germination and helps keep the soil in those areas cool and moist, which makes it less attractive to most pests.
Another preventive measure is setting an action threshold, which is a level at which pests become a nuisance or threaten the crop or property. To set this threshold, an individual must monitor for pests and accurately identify them. This can be done through scouting, trapping or simply observation.
When a pest infestation does occur, the first course of action is to use nonchemical controls, which may include cultural practices, plant disease or fungus management, microbial inoculants or other organisms, or mechanical means such as picking, physical barriers, vacuuming and tillage. If these methods fail to reduce the pest population below an acceptable level, chemical treatments may be used, but only after a thorough examination of the risks involved for the facility and its surroundings.